Introduction

«The need of a constantly expanding market … chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe … All old-established national industries … are dislodged by new industries … that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the productions of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes … The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all … nations into civilisation … It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image» (The Communist Manifesto)

CAPITALISM AND ANTI-CAPITALISM

The Communist Manifesto rings even truer today than it did in 1848. Key features of nineteenth-century capitalism are clearly recognisable, and even more strongly developed, in the early twenty-first century. They include the internationalisation of trade, production and finance, the growth of transnational corporations (TNCs), the communications revolution, the diffusion of Western culture and consumption patterns across the world, and so on.
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