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«Marx, Ricardo e Smith: sobre a teoria do valor trabalho»: Reinaldo Carcanholo
“O marxismo são marxismos – e os marxistas estão hoje plenamente conscientes desse fato, além de estarem, também, plenamente satisfeitos com essa pluralidade. Como se sabe, o marxismo não é propriamente uma ilha, mas vem a ser um arquipélago formando por um grande número de ilhas, mais ou menos próximas entre si. É nessa perspectiva que se deve enxergar o livro Marx, Ricardo e Smith, do prof. Reinaldo Carcanholo – livro este em que ele procurou retomar criticamente os três clássicos do pensamento econômico. Justamente por respeitar essa pluralidade, ele pode ser bem enfático na defesa de suas posições sobre as teorias do valor dos três autores mencionados. Marx dentre os três, como ele próprio deixa claro, é o mais profundo.
Os ensaios reunidos nesse livro são resultados de um prolongado esforço de compreensão desses três autores, nenhum deles fácil de ler e de compreender como os manuais de economia matemática (cuja dificuldade eventual é meramente técnica). Eles se debruçaram com denodo sobre a complexidade do mundo real para revelá-la em sua verdade e isto está refletido na riqueza conceitual – e certa obscuridade constitutiva – de seus escritos. Pois, aquilo que é contraditório não se deixa conhecer por um discurso claro, sem contradições. Em toda a sua vida intelectual, o prof. Reinaldo Carcanholo se dedicou com paixão à compreensão dos autores que, agora, ele ousa expor e criticar. Trata-se, pois, de um livro que vem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma cultura econômica de esquerda no Brasil.” (Eleutério Prado)
«Primitive Accumulation: From Adam Smith to Angela Merkel»: Michael Perelman
The barbaric wave of austerity crashing across Europe and much of the rest of the world both resembles and differs from the classical period of primitive accumulation which deprived masses of people of their means of production. Although landgrabs continue in this modern version of primitive accumulation, the central thrust is the destruction of all public wealth in the interest of capital. Another difference is that classical political accumulation reflected the optimism associated with a new form of making wealth, while viciousness of modern primitive accumulation seems to be an attempt to recapture the vitality of early capitalism. However, despite the short-term benefits of such cannibalistic policies for capital, in the end the result will be detrimental to the capitalists, as well as the rest of society.
Michael Perelman is a Marxist economist and economic historian and a professor of economics at California State University, Chico. He has has written numerous books and academic articles on the topic of primitive accumulation, including The Invention of Capitalism: The Secret History of Primitive Accumulation (2000).
«Primitive Accumulation, Migrant Workers and Social Reproduction in the Age of Austerity»: David McNally
The Age of Austerity ushered in by the global crisis of 2008-9 centrally involves cheapening the reproduction of labour-power by means of reducing both private wages and the social wage administered by the state. These policies have decided class, gender, racial and generational dimensions. To properly elucidate these dimensions, however, requires that we also grasp ongoing primitive accumulation as a crucial ‘moment’ in the austerity agenda. To accomplish this means addressing the role of the reproduction of the global reserve army of labour, and of precarious migrant workers, in the restructuring of labour-power on a world scale.
In order to develop the theory of primitive accumulation in these directions, this paper returns to tensions in Marx’s account of the social reproduction of labour-power. Here I argue that not only does Marx’s conceptualization require a gender analysis, but that it also needs to be developed with respect to the problematic of labour migration. I show where Marx points to ways in which we might do this. The analysis presented underlines the decisive importance of an anti-racist defence of migrant workers for any effective working class politics in the Age of Austerity.
David McNally is Professor of Political Science at York University and a leading member of the New Socialist Group (www.newsocialist.org). He has written extensively on the critique of political economy. His publications include Global Slump: The Economics and Politics of Crisis and Resistance and Monsters of the Market: Zombies, Vampires and Global Capitalism.
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«Crisis capitalista, política económica y tendencias de reconfiguración del orden mundial»: Claudio Katz
Crisis capitalista, política económica y tendencias de reconfiguración del orden mundial.
Segunda sesión temática Economía mundial, economías nacionales y crisis capitalista.
Conferencia Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Ciencias Sociales.
Miércoles 7 de noviembre de 2012 en el Aula magna de la Casa de la Primera Imprenta de América.
«Eurozone. A Crisis of Financialised Capitalism»: Costas Lapavitsas
Keynote Lecture by Professor Costas Lapavitsas.
Dictatorship of Failure: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the European Political and Economic Crisis. Symposium organised at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, 15 November 2012.
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies
«Las causas de la crisis: las finanzas y la tasa de ganancia»: Alan Freeman
En los últimos meses hemos visto un creciente debate entre los marxistas en torno a la tasa de ganancia de EE UU y su relación con la presente crisis. Resulta paradójico, ya que en su mayor parte los marxistas rechazan el propio relato de Marx sobre la relación entre la acumulación y la tasa de rentabilidad; de hecho, recientemente, Michael Heinrich ha argumentado que Marx no tenía ninguna teoría de la crisis y que no hay ninguna base para suponer que la acumulación capitalista conduzca a una caída de la tasa de ganancia. Sin embargo, existe un amplio acuerdo con Duménil y Lévy que después del descenso prolongado de posguerra, la tasa de beneficio en EEUU comenzó a aumentar en la década de 1980, recuperándose al final de los años 1990 y marcando el comienzo de una nueva fase de expansión en EEUU.
Andrew Kliman, en Una crisis de la producción capitalista/1, ha provocado una controversia considerable con la afirmación contraria, basada en un razonamiento coherente y con una amplia evidencia empírica, según la cual la tasa de ganancia en EEUU ha continuado su tendencia a la baja.
«The four laws of ecology and the four anti-ecological laws of capitalism»: John Bellamy Foster
Climate & Capitalism is pleased to publish, with permission from John Bellamy Foster and Monthly Review Press, this excerpt from Chapter 6 of The Vulnerable Planet.
In the first part of the chapter, Foster discusses the “qualitative transformation in the level of human destructiveness” that characterized capitalist production after World War II. This transformation included massive increases in the use of synthetics that could not be readily reabsorbed by nature, accompanied by a radical expansion in the use of all forms of energy, particularly fossil fuels. These changes in the patterns of production, he writes, are “the chief reason for the rapid acceleration of the ecological crisis in the postwar period.”
In the rest of the chapter, published here, he discusses the factors that underlie capitalism’s ever-growing conflict with nature.
«From the Oil Crisis to the Great Recession: Five crises of the world economy»: J. A. Tapia Granados
ABSTRACT — This article makes the case that the global economy has gone through five crises since the 1970s to the present. This implies not only that the world economy is a real entity, but also that the usual view that poses national economies as units of economic analysis is an approach with major limitations. The paper discusses the concept of “economic crisis” and provides data indicating that the world economy, not national economies, is the major unit to be analysed when trying to understand the economic reality of our time, and particularly the reality of crises. These crises are discrete, countable phenomena, distinctive states of an entity that can be properly called world economy, or world capitalism. Data on capital formation, on growth of the world output, of monetary aggregates, of unemployment rates and on industrial activity indicate five major “dips” of the global economy, i.e., world recessions, in (i) the mid 1970s, (ii) the early 1980s, (iii) the early 1990s, (iv) the early 2000s, and (v) the Great Recession that provisionally can be dated 2007-2009. To a large extent business cycle chronologies of national economies such as those produced by the NBER, the OECD, or other institutions are largely consistent with these five crises of the world economy which, obviously, had different manifestations in different nations and economic regions.
«Alternatives al model de societat capitalista»: Josep Manel Busqueta
Josep Manel Busqueta, Miembro de
Seminario Taifa de Economía Crítica
Lugar: Salón de Actos de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales
Carrer De Albalat dels Tarongers, Campus dels Tarongers. 46021 Valencia
Seminario 2013: Caminando por otra senda (apuntes para la transformación social)
«Primitive accumulation versus contested reproduction»: Michael A. Lebowitz
May 4, 2013 — Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal — If we don’t understand a system as it is fully developed [its «being»] and thus its critical characteristics, we cannot investigate the «becoming» of those characteristics.
This is why Marx discussed primitive (or original) accumulation of capital only at the end of volume 1 of Capital. Exclusive focus upon the emergence of the new elements, however, is not real history. «Becoming» is two sided: it is both a coming into being and a passing away. The concept of primitive accumulation explores only the former; it considers the new being born but not the old struggling to remain alive. It is, in short, one-sided. Not only does it fail to explore on its own the struggle of the old for its reproduction but it also does not consider the interaction, the morbid symptoms and dysfunction when two sets of productive relations are engaged in contested reproduction with respect to their control of the elements of production.
What is lost? The centrality of class struggle — the struggle of two sides and the conditions thereby in which history is made. The paper considers various historical phenomena using the concept of contested reproduction.
«Rethinking Microeconomics: A Proposed Reconstruction»: Anwar Shaikh
I. Introduction
Microeconomics is important because individual agents make choices, and choices have personal and social consequences. Incentives do matter, and they do affect individual choices. But it does not follow that individual decision making is characterized by the rules of so-called rational choice and rational expectations or by the reductive incentives they embody. Nor does it follow that aggregates can be analyzed in terms of representative agents. The historical, empirical and analytical evidence against this set of hypotheses is overwhelming. One purpose of this paper is to survey this evidence. But a larger purpose is to demonstrate that the central empirical findings of microeconomics do not require any such foundation, because they can be derived from a wide range of individual decision making modes. Aggregates are shown to be «robustly indifferent» to their microfoundations because shaping structures such as budget constraints and social influences which generally play decisive roles in producing aggregate patterns.
Once it is understood that very different types of microfoundations can give rise to the same market-level or economy-wide patterns, we can partition microeconomics into two types of propositions. Empirically grounded propositions which can be derived from a wide variety of microfoundations: downward sloping demand curves, differential income elasticities for necessary goods, income-driven consumption functions, etc. And propositions which depend on the specific characterization of individual behavior: where the assumed foundation is rational choice, this latter set includes the usual theorems on the efficiency, harmony and general optimality of market processes. The advantage of proceeding in this manner is that it greatly expands the room for the possible characterizations of individual economic behavior while retaining key microeconomic
patterns which play an important role in economic analysis.
«Para entender O capital»: David Harvey
O Geógrafo David Harvey esteve em Porto Alegre para apresentar a conferência «Para entender ‘O capital'», por ocasião do lançamento de seu livro homônimo. A mediação é do historiador Mathias Luce.
O evento integra o projeto «Marx: a criação destruidora», organizado em torno da publicação da edição definitiva do Volume 1 d’O capital, pela Boitempo Editorial. Apoio:
A conferência, ocorrida no dia 25 de março de 2013 no Teatro da Associação Médica do Rio Grande do Sul-AMRIGS, teve realização da Boitempo Editorial e da Fundação Lauro Campos, com apoio da Câmara Municipal de Porto Alegre.
«Marx, Kalecki , Keynes y la estrategia socialista: la superioridad de la economía política del trabajo sobre la economía política del capital»: John Bellamy Foster
Para ver con perspectiva histórica el estancamiento económico que afecta a los EEUU y a otras economías capitalistas avanzadas hay que retrotraerse a la grave desaceleración de 1974-75, que marcó el fin de la prosperidad de posguerra. La interpretación dominante de la recesión de mediados de los 70 dice que el pleno empleo de la primera época keynesiana sentó las bases de la crisis al robustecer la posición del trabajo en relación con el capital. [1] Según han venido sosteniendo muchos destacados economistas de izquierda cuya visión no difiere en este punto de la corriente académica dominante, el problema era la existencia de una clase capitalista “demasiado débil” y una clase obrera “demasiado fuerte”. [2] Con distintas pruebas empíricas, se atribuía comúnmente la caída a un aumento de la participación salarial en el ingreso, con la consiguiente contracción de los beneficios empresariales. Lo que ha venido en llamarse “teoría de la crisis por contracción de beneficios”. [3]
La Monthly Review jugó un papel clave en la introducción de una variante radical de la perspectiva de la “contracción de beneficios causada por el pleno empleo” en los EEUU publicando en su número de octubre de 1974 el artículo seminal de Raford Boddy y James Crotty “Class Conflict, Keynesian Policies, and the Business Cycle” [Conflicto de clase, políticas keynesianas y ciclo económico] [4] Ese artículo iluminaba el bien establecido hecho de que los salarios y los costes de mano de obra por unidad crecen cuando se acerca el pico máximo del ciclo económico, apuntando indiciariamente al colapso del auge. Sin embargo, los autores pasaron a sugerir que el incremento de la participación salarial en el ingreso en condiciones de pleno empleo era responsable en buena medida del gran declive económico entonces en curso. “Los capitalistas –escribían—, guiados por algo más que su instinto de clase, piensan que el pleno empleo sostenido es manifiestamente absurdo… La maximización de beneficios precisa evitar el pleno empleo sostenido”. Al sostener eso, los autores opusieron su perspectiva a la del gran economista marxista polaco Michał Kalecki, así como a las posiciones de Josef Steindl y Howard Sherman. [5]
«La importancia de Marx ante la crisis»: Conferencia de Enrique Dussel
Enrique Dussel nació el 24 de diciembre de 1934, en el pueblo de La Paz, Mendoza, Argentina. Exiliado político desde 1975 en México, hoy ciudadano mexicano, es profesor en el Departamento de Filosofía en la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM, Iztapalapa, ciudad de México), y en el Colegio de Filosofía de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la UNAM (Ciudad Universitaria). Licenciado en filosofía (Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina), doctor en filosofía por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, doctor en historia en La Sorbonne de Paris y una licencia en teología en Paris y Münster. Ha obtenido doctorados honoris causa en Freiburg (Suiza), en la Universidad de San Andrés (La Paz, Bolivia) y en la Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Fundador con otros del movimiento Filosofía de la Liberación. Trabaja especialmente el campo de la Ética y la Filosofía Política.
Segunda sesión del Seminario Marx Revisitado: «Michael Heinrich, ¿Cómo leer El Capital de Marx?»: Luis Arizmendi y Alejandro Fernando González
2da. Sesión 20 de marzo:
Michael Heinrich, ¿Cómo leer El Capital de Marx? Indicaciones de lectura y comentario del comienzo de El Capital, Escolar y Mayo Editores, 2011. Comentan: Mtro. Luís Arizmendi y Lic. Fernando González
Reading Marx’s Capital with David Harvey
Free Öcalan
Fundación Infancia y Aprendizaje
Colección de libros Marxismo Crítico
Historical Materialism
CIPEC (Centro de Investigación en Pensamiento Crítico)
Centro para la Investigación como Crítica Práctica
Memoria Revista de Crítica Militante
Revista Laberinto
Marx desde cero
marxismocritico.com 